A Canticle for Leibowitz

A post-apocalyptic book for the ages. Source: Here

“Listen, are we helpless? Are we doomed to do it again and again and again? Have we no choice but to play the Phoenix in an unending sequence of rise and fall? Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, Carthage, Rome, the Empires of Charlemagne and the Turk: Ground to dust and plowed with salt. Spain, France, Britain, America—burned into the oblivion of the centuries. And again and again and again. Are we doomed to it, Lord, chained to the pendulum of our own mad clockwork, helpless to halt its swing? This time, it will swing us clean to oblivion.” 

This is easily the bleakest book I have read. After finishing it I just put it down and let what I'd read wash over me like a tidal wave - not something to pick up if you've had a bad day, but still a very rewarding experience.

Written by Walter M. Miller Jr., A Canticle for Leibowitz was first published in 1960 and won the 1961 Hugo Award for best science fiction novel. The book's narrative revolves around the Roman Catholic monastery of the Albertian Order of Leibowitz, a monastic order founded by a Jewish engineer after a nuclear apocalypse (referred to as the Flame Deluge) destroyed 20th century civilisation. As if this wasn't enough, mass book-burning soon followed in an event known as the Simplification, a reactionary response against the intellectuals thought responsible for the apocalypse. The Order found itself with a pressing objective: to preserve whatever scraps of knowledge remain of the time before the bombs fell and safeguard them for future generations.

The book itself is structured into three parts: Fiat Homo (Let There Be Man), Fiat Lux (Let There Be Light) and Fiat Voluntas Tua (Let Thy Will Be Done), each separated by periods of roughly six centuries each. Starting in the 26th century, the first section drops us in an irradiated American Southwest, with the Albertian Order sending out "book-leggers" to collect whatever knowledge (referred to as "memorabilia") all while avoiding being killed by the roving bands of marauders that patrol the desert.

We are then taken 600 years forward into the 32nd century, where humanity has risen somewhat from its post-apocalyptic slump and has developed crude nation-states, and is once again gearing to go to war. Here, the Church faces rising tensions with resurgent secular institutions over not only who should safeguard knowledge but also who gets to control and use it. The final section skips forward again 600 years, to a time when humanity has exceeded the technological peaks of centuries past and has entered a Golden Age - save for the looming threat of a second nuclear war.

Using this structure Miller emphasises the theme of cyclical history throughout the three sections, suggesting that time follows the same cycles of rise and fall no matter how many years pass, the implication being that humanity will stumble at the same pitfalls their Pre-Deluge ancestors fell to. You can see this reflected in in each section:

• Fiat Homo is a new Dark Age, a period overseeing massive regression from an earlier era of modernity and civility and instead breeding barbarism and anti-intellectualism. Characterised by a scarcity of knowledge and mass ignorance, only a select few hold access to the past's secrets, and fewer still can decipher them.
• Fiat Lux reflects the Renaissance that followed, with humanity beginning to innovate and grow increasingly complex societal structures. Knowledge is not only preserved but actively researched as people seek to understand how the world works. This in turn leads to tension between the new researchers and the static institutions of an earlier time.
• Fiat Voluntas Tua sees humanity enter modernity once again, technology having massively improved people's standards of living to a level never seen before. However, science has not only uplifted humanity but also given it the power to destroy itself.

History repeats itself once more even if the individual circumstances differ. Miller also stresses the intertwined themes of science and religion throughout and how they can combat humanity's baser instincts, but suggests that neither on its own is enough to oppose those violent aspects. Science without a conscience leads to its fruits being used to destroy while the institutions of religion, while enduring, remain too static to adapt to the changing times and so find themselves outmanoeuvred by ever-shifting forces seeking to use knowledge for their own ends. In that respect, A Canticle for Leibowitz stands in contrast to mainstream science fiction where technology is depicted as an inherently good tool that will change humanity for the better or save it from calamity - what if it doesn't solve our problems? What if it only becomes another tool to destroy ourselves with?

What I also really enjoyed about the novel was Miller's reticence in giving easy answers. His characters aren't painted in shades of black and white and their arguments are given equal time as Miller challenges us to see these issues from different angles. There's a wonderful section in Fiat Voluntas Tua concerning an abbot and a doctor fiercely debating the ethics of euthanasia in the case of a mother and her child suffering from severe radiation burns; the doctor suggesting that assisted suicide is the most humane option and the abbot retorting that this equates to "state-sponsored suicide" (two key facts come to mind: suicide is considered a sin in Catholic scriptures and doctors take oaths to "do no harm". Interpret those how you will). There are no easy answers here, and while it's tempting to say that it was easier to leave them answered I do believe that Miller wanted his audience to truly grapple with these and have them seek the answers themselves.

It's not hard to see how the author's own influences have shaped this novel. Miller was one of the American airmen who took part in the controversial bombing of the abbey at Monte Cassino during World War 2, a monastery that at one time held 40,000 manuscripts, some from famous writers of antiquity such as Tacitus, Cicero and Ovid. Published within living memory of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, A Canticle for Leibowitz is a shining example of the post-nuclear holocaust genre, a marked contrast to the view that atomic power would bring light and a new age for all.

You'd expect a work so unrelentingly bleak and fatalistic about human nature to be written in an incredibly pessimistic manner, yet it is to Miller's credit that this is not the case. The prose, in contrast to the material it covers, is light and easy to follow and carries an undertone of hope, particularly in the final few scenes of the book. Humanity may bring about its own doom time and time again, but there remains the faint hope that someone else will continue the endless quest of preserving and restoring the past.

It is a sobering read, but also one that is very rewarding. For a book written in 1960 it still holds up remarkably well, and its questions on science and technology remain pertinent today. A Canticle For Leibowitz is not a work that leaves your mind quickly, and it is a good thing it doesn't.

Cat's Cradle

A pertinent book for a dangerous time. Source: Here

“Perhaps, when we remember wars, we should take off our clothes and paint ourselves blue and go on all fours all day long and grunt like pigs. That would surely be more appropriate than noble oratory and shows of flags and well-oiled guns.” 

The second of Vonnegut's books I've read, Cat's Cradle is the more concise, streamlined read to Slaughterhouse Five's non-linear narrative. It's a book that's definitely left me stunned at the accomplishment - tying together a razor-sharp, biting satire on the nuclear arms race and the role of religion with an eccentric family and the world's strangest banana republic in under 200 pages, with plenty of food for thought.

Written in 1963 by Kurt Vonnegut, Cat's Cradle concerns our narrator retelling his attempt to gather information for a book he was writing about the day the Americans dropped the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. His journey takes him from the late Dr. Felix Hoenikker, co-creator of the atom bomb and his three peculiar children to the strange banana republic of San Lorenzo in the Caribbean - and then it really begins to hit the fan. Hoenikker is revealed to have created the peculiar substance ice-nine, which turns water into ice at room temperature when both come into contact. I shouldn't need to explain what would happen if a single crystal were to find itself in the Pacific...

The context of this book's creation is especially key to understanding its intent. Published one year before Dr. Strangelove (one of my favorite films), both were responses and biting criticisms to and of the nuclear arms race. World superpowers possessed (and still possess) the capability to bring about mutually assured destruction several times over with the press of a button and rather than bring progress, science instead brought about the means to destroy ourselves, a sharp break from the optimistic, gilded futures of the 1950s that science promised us. Just the year before, the Cuban Missile Crisis was perhaps the closest humanity had come to the brink of annihilation. 

Vonnegut himself worked for multinational conglomerate General Electric following World War 2, his role being to interview scientists who worked for the company and highlight the good that came from their research. During his time here, Vonnegut found that a select few paid no heed to how their discoveries might be used, seemingly seeking truth for truth's sake without noting what someone else might do with that. A particularly damning scene in the book exemplifies this; when the atom bomb detonates, Felix Hoenniker non-chalantly plays a game of cat's cradle.

Twinned with the threat of nuclear war, the theme of science and its role for humans comes up time and time again and you can see Vonnegut's own experiences filter into the text. Characters like Felix Hoenniker are depicted not as thoughtless, but as completely ignorant of the consequences of the technology they develop - Hoenikker develops ice-nine on a whim without any thought as to how that might be used by others. Why was ice-nine created? Because Hoenikker could. The notion of science as separate from the way the world chooses to use its fruits is put on trial to devastating effect. Vonnegut asks the reader: what is the logical consequence of a discipline with adherents so far removed from the ethics and consequences of their actions?

An equally significant component of the book is its treatment of religion. The fictional faith of Bokononism that the protagonist encounters in San Lorenzo is a belief system seemingly at odds with itself. Outlawed in the republic but practiced by everyone, with a founder that freely admits his religion is a pack of lies, Bokononism is the riposte to anti-theism, admitting that everything it teaches is false, but it still helps the natives of San Lorenzo through their meager existence. Does that not make it a good thing? Even if it isn't objectively true, the foma (the Bokononist version of lies) that dictate our lives - whether it be that we are special or somehow distinguished from other people by virtue of something innate within us - but they aren't bad by virtue of being lies. Indeed, they can drive us to do good, "to be brave and kind and healthy and happy", ever so subtly implying that the truth might not set us free, and instead make us cold and bitter and miserable if that if what we solely pursue.

Vonnegut's writing style here also makes for an incredibly accessible read. He had a message for the world, and wanted to make sure it was easy to pick up. On the whole, Cat's Cradle makes for a though-provoking yarn sure to invite further conversation. Absolutely a must-read, losing none of its shine and none of its relevance.

Lord of Light

Say what you want about the 60s but their covers were something else... Source: Here

"His followers called him Mahasamatman and said he was a god. He preferred to drop the Maha- and the -atman, however, and called himself Sam. He never claimed to be a god, but then he never claimed not to be a god."

Lord of Light was one of the first pieces of New Wave* science fiction I read. Immediately from the first page, I had a sneaking suspicion this wasn't going to be your typical sci-fi romp in outer space - and thank the stars it wasn't!

Written in 1967 by Roger Zelazny, Lord of Light is a science-fantasy novel set in the distant future, on an alien planet colonised by settlers from a bygone Earth (referred to as "vanished Urath"). In order to survive in this strange world, the crew used bioengineering and advanced technology to grant themselves great psionic and physical power which essentially raised them to the level of gods. However, the crew would go on to take the names and powers of various Hindu deities and set themselves up as a divine ruling class over the many generations of colonists and their descendants, maintaining a stranglehold on any technological advancement so as to avoid their power being weakened. The clincher is that these gods hold control of a technology that allows for mind transfer into a new body - essentially holding a monopoly on who is allowed to reincarnate, and into what form. Shades of Clarke's Third Law come to mind...

One of their number, Mahasamatman (or just Sam), chooses to rebel against the gods and instead attempts to make this technology available to all - as a result he spends countless years revolting against the gods, amassing allies, striking when he can across multiple lives, until his capture and and his soul's banishment to the firmament above. 

The book itself jumps from present to past and back again, detailing Sam's rise and rebellion, the allies and enemies he meets, to his exile and subsequent return. What initially caught my attention about this book was the deliberate use of an Eastern setting and mythologies not only in the worldbuilding but also in the story itself - certainly that choice initially made Lord of Light stand out from the very Eurocentric science fiction and fantasy landscape. Zelazny's inclusion of Hinduism and Buddhism never smacks of Orientalism** and if anything, just adds to the unique character of the book.

It is ponderous and wry all at the same time with its own unique mix of science, political intrigue, mysticism, religion and mythology. Sam could very easily retire away from the world by the second chapter once he gains the means to keep himself and his friends going for perpetuity and yet instead he persists in overthrowing the gods on behalf of the mortals they subjugate. One of my favorite moments in the book comes when Sam is possessed by one of the demonic inhabitants of this planet and forced to watch as his body carries out atrocity after atrocity - and he is courageous enough to sad that yes, a sliver of him enjoyed what was happening. That in my eyes immediately marks Sam differently from the myriad of Chosen One protagonists all too common in the genre.

One could argue the "rising up against an oppressive upper class" storyline has been played out so many times so as to lose all intrigue - in this instance I feel the unique settling and mythologies drawn from to create this world offset that. Even with his use of Eastern faiths, I feel Zelazny's point was to show how religion can be used as a mechanism to restrain a populace rather than any specific criticism on the faiths themselves.

Lord of Light is a spellbinding book well worth an afternoon's read. Equal parts thoughtful and amusing, it is a book bound to keep you entertained.

*New Wave - a literary movement in sci-fi lasting from the 60s to late 70s, characterised by a focus on the "softer" sciences as opposed to "hard" science, a high degree of experimental content/prose and a more literary approach to writing; in essence a break from the prior traditions of pulp sf and their emphasis on scientific accuracy/prediction.

**Orientalism - a general patronising attitude toward Middle Eastern, Asian and North African societies, carrying the implication that Western society is inherently more rational and therefore superior.